Identifying firing and casting processes of the Late Shang and Western Zhou bronze vessel casting moulds

Casting is often viewed as the forming method of the bronze artifact but seldom viewed as the interaction between heating the moulds while poring the molten bronze. The bronze casting moulds were first subjected to firing during its production method, but to cast the intricate bronze vessels, the moulds must be heated a second time to ensure the complete permeation of the moulds' cavity. This study aims to differentiate between the firing and casting processes of the Late Shang and Western Zhou bronze vessel casting moulds. While previous research has primarily focused on the moulds' firing temperature and heat resistance, this study delves deeper into the distinct stages of firing and casting. By analyzing the three mould types housed at the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) using petrography and scanning electron microscope (SEM), this research introduces a new method to distinguish between moulds intended for further casting and those deemed unsuccessful. The study also highlights the variations in firing atmosphere and technological preferences of the artisans, shedding light on the complex processes involved in bronze casting mould production. The findings provide valuable insights into the organization of bronze casting and the technological advancements of the Late Shang and Western Zhou dynasties.